National Council for Eurasian and East European Research
Addendum 2, Working Paper No. 2
Purpose: Using the data collected during my research in Vladivostok in 1999 under the grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research (U.S. Department of State, Title VIII), this codebook is designed to assess reported levels of cross-border cooperation and security mobilization in Primorskii krai’s counties by tracking reports in the local press. The key question is: How do various actors in Primorskii krai respond to perceived territorial insecurity and to socioeconomic benefits of cross-border exchanges with China?
This codebook has been prepared in partial fulfillment of the NCEEER Fellowship Grant Agreement Number 814-17g, "Cross-border Migration, Corruption, and Interethnic Security in the Russian Far East," following the author’s research trip to Moscow and Vladivostok, May 7-June 3, 1999.
February, 2000
Cross-border cooperation stands for activities (actual and symbolic) favoring economic and cultural exchanges between Russian and Chinese actors and joint activities to provide security and law and order for residents of Russia and China.
Security mobilization is defined as a combination of activities consisting of focusing events, coercive capacity building, and hostile acts aimed at increasing the security of members of a nation state (or an ethnic group) relative to members of another state (or ethnic group).
Actors undertaking security mobilization are categorized into governmental and non-governmental actors that have coercive (usually military) capabilities and those that do not have such coercive capabilities.
An event is an activity described in news reports appearing in an officially registered media source. While most articles report one event, some may report more than one event.
Focusing events are symbolic activities or events drawing public attention by the very fact of their occurrence to specific political issues. With regard to security mobilization, focusing events usually signify past or present security threats and imply the need for increasing security of members of a nation state or ethnic group.
Coercive capacity consists of organizational capabilities and human resources that are necessary to contain, deter, restrain, or defeat by force external and internal threats to security of members of a nation state or ethnic group, and any kind of behavior by outsiders that this state or group deem undesirable.
Hostile acts are activities or pronouncements involving the use or threat of use of coercive capacity or expressions of negative sentiments or attitudes of members of one nation state or ethnic group toward members of another nation state or ethnic group.
Governmental actors are representatives of government agencies at the national and sub-national levels.
Non-governmental actors are any actors (groups or individuals) that are not government agencies.
Actors with coercive capabilities are governmental or non-governmental actors that have military or paramilitary units or where some form of coercive activity (usually military) training is required or expected from members.
Actors without coercive capabilities are all actors without military capabilities, paramilitary units (or access to such units) or military-style training requirements.
DK Dal’nerechenskii raion (county)
KN Khasanskii raion
93-1 Article No. 1 in the data set for 1993.
1 Focusing events (FOCEVENT)
1 01 Anniversaries (e.g., those of border battles, armed conflict, cross-border incidents).
1 02 Decorations and awards
1 03 Museum openings
1 04 Other staged public events
1 05 Official responses to unstaged events such as incidents, scandals, crimes
2 Coercive capacity building (COCAP)
2 01 Recruitment of personnel (e.g., call-ups for military or border service, membership drives, setting up of support groups)
2 02 Procurement of funds and equipment by coercive groups
2 03 Passage of favorable legislation for coercive activity or groups
2 04 Economic assistant to above groups
2 05 Holding of meetings by such actors on organizational and strategy issues
2 06 Establishment of headquarters for such actors
2 07 Registration or inauguration of such groups of actors
3 Hostile acts (HOSACTS)
3 02 Arrests and detention
3 03 Deportation orders and physical deportation
3 04 Roadblocks and denial of entry to territory, including border closures
3 05 Public expressions of negative attitude (speeches, rallies, slogans, articles, jokes, etc.)
3 06 Official documents protesting acts by the other nation state/ethnic group (e.g., diplomatic notes, telegrams, press statements)
3 07 Isolated criminal acts
3 08 Organized acts of violence (groups fighting individuals or other groups)
3 09 Economic sanctions such as bans on sales of imported goods
4 Governmental actors (GOV) (all government officials or agencies, e.g., country manager)
5 Non-governmental actors (NGO) (e.g., Dal’nerechensk hardware company; Cossacks)
6 Actors with coercive capacity (MIL)
6 01 Government agencies authorized to use military capabilities
6 02 Cossacks
6 03 Nationalist militant groups (e.g., Russian National Unity, RNE)
6 04 Institutions for military training of young people (Zarnitsa military game).
6 05 Individuals (criminals, terrorists)
7 Actors without coercive capacity (NON-MIL)
7 01 Political parties without paramilitary/security forces
7 02 Groups for political training of young people
7 03 Associations, clubs, groups without paramilitary wings
7 04 Government agencies (e.g., sanitary inspection, education department)
7 05 Media (journalists, editors, writers, TV personalities, etc.)
7 06 Individuals or unorganized groups (crowd action)
Economic cooperation (ECCOOP)
Security cooperation (SECOOP)
Cultural cooperatoin (CUCOOP)